In Problem Solving the Term Rule of Thumb Refers to
In Problem Solving the Term Rule of Thumb Refers to.
Kelainan-solving refers to a way of reaching a goal from a present condition, where the present condition is either titinada directly moving toward the goal, is far from it, or needs more complex logic in order to find steps toward the goal.
Types of komplikasi-solving
There are considered to be two major domains in
komplikasi-solving: mathematical problem solving, which involves
problems
capable of being represented by symbols, and personal kelainan solving, where some difficulty or barrier is encountered.
Within these domains of problem-solving, there are a number of approaches that can be taken. A person may decide to take a trial and error approach and try different approaches to see which one works the best. Or they may decide to use an
algorithm
approach following a set of rules and steps to find the correct approach. A
heuristic
approach can also be taken where a person uses previous experiences to inform their approach to problem-solving.
Barriers to effective problem solving
Barriers exist to problem-solving they can be categorized by their features and tasks required to overcome them.
The
mental set
is a barrier to komplikasi-solving. The mental set is an unconscious tendency to approach a problem in a particular way. Our mental sets are shaped by our past experiences and habits.
Functional fixedness
is a special type of mindset that occurs when the intended purpose of an object hinders a person’s ability to see its potential other uses.
The unnecessary constraint is a barrier that shows up in problem-solving that causes people to unconsciously place boundaries on the task at hand.
Irrelevant information is a barrier when information is presented as part of a kebobrokan, but which is unrelated or unimportant to that komplikasi and will not help solve it. Typically, it detracts from the masalah-solving process, as it may seem pertinent and distract people from finding the most efficient solution.
Confirmation digresi is a barrier to kelainan-solving. This exists when a person has a tendency to look for information that supports their idea or approach instead of looking at new information that may contradict their approach or ideas.
Strategies for problem-solving
There are many strategies that can make solving a kelainan easier and more efficient. Two of them, algorithms and heuristics, are of particularly great psychological importance.
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A heuristic is a rule of thumb, a strategy, or a mental shortcut that generally works for solving a problem (particularly decision-making problems). It is a practical method, one that is not a hundred per cent guaranteed to be optimal or even successful, but is sufficient for the immediate goal.
Working backwards
is a useful heuristic in which you begin solving the kebobrokan by focusing on the end result. Another useful heuristic is the practice of accomplishing a large goal or task by breaking it into a series of smaller steps.
An algorithm is a series of sets of steps for solving a problem. Unlike a heuristic, you are guaranteed to get the correct solution to the problem; however, an algorithm may not necessarily be the most efficient way of solving the kebobrokan. Additionally, you need to know the algorithm (i.e., the complete set of steps), which is not usually realistic for the problems of daily life.
Biases
Biases can affect problem-solving ability by directing a keburukan-solving heuristic or algorithm based on prior experience.
In kiriman to make good decisions, we use our knowledge and our reasoning. Often, this knowledge and reasoning is sound and solid. Sometimes, however, we are swayed by biases or by others manipulating a situation. There are several forms of digresi which can inform our decision-making process and ki kesulitan-solving ability:
Anchoring distorsi
-Tendency to focus on one particular piece of information when making decisions or ki aib-solving
Confirmation bias
– Focuses on information that confirms existing beliefs
Hindsight distorsi
– Belief that the event just experienced was predictable
Representative bias
– Unintentional stereotyping of someone or something
Availability penyimpangan
– Decision is based upon either an available precedent or an example that may be faulty
Belief distorsi
– casting judgment on issues using what someone believes about their conclusion. A good example is belief perseverance which is the tendency to hold on to pre-existing beliefs, despite being presented with evidence that is contradictory.
Practice Questions
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Khan Academy
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MCAT Official Prep (AAMC)
Sample Test P/S Section Passage 3 Question 12
Practice Exam 2 P/S Section Passage 8 Question 40
Practice Exam 2 P/S Section Passage 8 Question 42
Practice Exam 4 P/S Section Question 12
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Key Points
• Penyakit-solving can be considered when a person is presented with two types of problems – mathematical or personal
• Barriers exist to problem-solving maybe because of the mental set of the person, constraints on their thoughts or being presented with irrelevant information
• People can typically employ a number of strategies in keburukan-solving such as heuristics, where a general problem-solving method is applied to a penyakit or an algorithm can be applied which is a set of steps to solving a problem without a guaranteed result
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• Biases can affect problem-solving ability by directing a problem-solving heuristic or algorithm based on prior experience.
Key Terms
Mental set:
an unconscious tendency to approach a ki kesulitan in a particular way
Problem: the difference between the current situation and a goal
Algorithm:
kebobrokan-solving strategy characterized by a specific set of instructions
Anchoring distorsi:
faulty heuristic in which you fixate on a single aspect of a problem to find a solution
Availability bias: faulty heuristic in which you make a decision based on information readily available to you
Confirmation penyimpangan: faulty heuristic in which you focus on information that confirms your beliefs
Functional fixedness:
inability to see an object as useful for any other use other than the one for which it was intended
Heuristic: mental shortcut that saves time when solving a problem
Hindsight distorsi: belief that the event just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t
Kelainan-solving strategy: a method for solving problems
Representative bias:
faulty heuristic in which you stereotype someone or something without a valid basis for your judgment
Working backwards:
heuristic in which you begin to solve a kelainan by focusing on the end result
In Problem Solving the Term Rule of Thumb Refers to
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